(지난 호에 이어) 

The combined annual sale of the five leading firms in 2022 was as much as $ 241.8 billion of which $183.3 billon was for the sale of military goods and services, or 75.8% of the total sale.

The supply of war goods and services relies on the extensive production chain involving foreign and domestic providers of raw materials and intermediary products. In addition, the academics and information firms offer information, technology and other services needed for the production of weapons.

The following is a list of the well known universities which are deeply involved in American wars. Each one of these universities produces, for the war industry, a variety of war products and services. 

In this paper, for academic institution, just one typical product or service is mentioned.

No less than 70% of university research projects are funded by the Pentagon

• The Boston College helps the Ait Force

• The University of Massachusetts Lowell develops mono-technology for the Army.

• Tufts University improves of soldiers cognitive and physical performance

• MIT is producing so many war goods ns services that it is known as a "war corporation."

• Columbia University and Brown University develops, for DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Project Agency), the neural engineering system

• Princeton University produces hardware for design and verification of open-source integrated circuit

• Dartmouth University sells machine learning

• Pennsylvania University develops artificial intelligence. 

• Stanford University develops technology for chemical warfare and so many other war goods and service that it is considered to be in partnership with war corporations

• Harvard University develops educational materials for the war and it is the main source providing human resources to the war industries. By the way, it produced the napalm bomb widely used in the Korean War, Vietnamese War and other wars

 • John Hopkins University makes tools needed for the evaluation of alternative offensive capability needed for battles in air sea, cyberspace

The sad story is that American universities depend on war- money so much that they are losing their original mission. 

Christian Sorensen (Understanding the War Industry, Clarity Press 2022) has something to say about this problem. He seems to think that universities are neglecting their original mission of producing and diffusing truth.

"But its intricate ties to the War Department show the university's true colour carrying more about government funding than the nobility of academia." (Sorenson: p.221)

By the way, I have found many useful information, data and ideas in Sorensen's book, which is surely significant addition to the critical literature of perpetual wars.

The information-technology corporations are also actively participating in the American wars. In fact, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google provide, for the military, clout computing which facilitates the reduction of human and material cost of wars.

2.2 Demand for War Products and Services

What distinguishes the war economy from peace economy is the amazing fact that the supply generates the demand. 

In the American war economy, the final demand for war goods and services is determined by the Pentagon (the Department of Defence) and some foreign countries.

However, the Pentagon does not have all the information needed to estimate the demand for war so that it relies on the information provided by the war corporations. Therefore, the war corporations which are supplier of war goods and services have the amazing role of determining the demand. 

In this way, in the market of war goods and services, the supply determines the demand. 

This is the root of perpetual nature of American wars and the making of profit going to the APWC.

Now, to have war, one has to have enemies. But, the war corporations do not have the research capacity to find real enemies or produce fabricated enemies. The role of finding or fabricating enemies goes to the think tanks which are lavishly funded by the war corporations.

When the think tanks find or manufacture enemies, new wars or the continuation of old wars are justified. 

Now, on the other hand, the pressure groups put pressure on law makers and policy makers to recognize the identities of enemies produced by the think tanks; this is done through lobbying (bribes giving).

As for the media, they have the role of preparing the mind and the souls of Americans to accept the monstrous defence budget without being aware of the destructive consequences of the perpetual wars.

It goes without saying that both the pressure groups and the media are funded by the war corporations.

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The demand for war goods and services created by these pro-war individuals and organizations is translated into the annual defence budget of the U.S amounting, in 2023, to as much as $886 billion. (다음호에 계 속 )

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